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Engineering and General SeismologyExtended abstract
The lecture will give a concise overview of development of the disciplines of engineering seismology (and to a lesser extent, also earthquake engineering) in Croatia from a perspective of a seismologist. A significant part of the talk is dedicated to the role that Andrija Mohorovičić played in establishing the framework of research related to the seismic safety of buildings, not just in...
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Miroslav Nastev (Geological Survey of Canada)Earthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and ManagementFull paper - scientific
A ShakeOut exercise was planned to help understand potential impacts and prepare for a large earthquake in the Quebec City region, Canada. Scientific and technical knowledge was provided as the basis for a simple “drop, cover, hold on” procedure at home, school or workplace. More elaborated table top emergency exercises will also be developed for decision making by government departments and...
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Lessons Learnt from Earthquakes
The territory of Montenegro is characterised with very high seismicity, where seismic hazard decrease from the coast to mainland. The last devastating earthquake occurred in April 1979 when a lot of modern facilities were destroyed, as well cultural and historical monuments, roads and railways. The directed damages were approximately in value of 15 billion of US dollars in today’s value. This...
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Seismic Performance of Structures
The present paper is related to the structure of Rocca di Sissa, also known as Rocca de’ Terzi, a castle near Parma in the north of Italy. The building construction started in the eleventh century and found its modern appearance in the nineteenth century. Studies on the building started in 2007 and went going on until 2020, also during several job sites and survey campaigns. In the present...
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Dr MOHELDEEN HEJAZI (ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY), Mrs Serra Tinbir (Istanbul Technical University)Innovative TechnologyFull paper - scientific
The continuous expansion of seismic catalogs is increasingly challenging the validity of existing ground motion prediction equations. For such real-time data, the transition of ground motion modeling toward automation became eminent. This article put forth a dynamic intelligent ground motion prediction system, automated through a novel hybridization of neural networks with a multi-objective...
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Dr Adamantia ATHANASOPOULOU (European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Space, Security and Migration, Safety and Security of Buildings Unit, Ispra (VA), Italy)Seismic Performance of Structures
The Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission is engaged in activities supporting the implementation, further development and promotion of European policies and standards for sustainable construction. Such activities include the Eurocodes (EN 1990 – EN 1999), the European Standards providing common rules for the design of buildings and other construction works to check their...
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Lessons Learnt from EarthquakesExtended abstract
In autumn 2019 North-Western Albania was struck by series of earthquakes: the first major occurred on September 22nd (M5.6) and the second on November 26th (M6.4). After the second earthquake with more than 50 fatalities the EU Civil Protection Mechanism was activated at the request of the Albanian authorities. Immediately after mobilizing urban search and rescue teams (USAR) an EU Civil...
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Seismic Performance of Structures
Capacity design concept for reinforced concrete frame systems is based on a hierarchy of the strength and stiffness properties of the structural elements so that the seismic energy dissipation mechanism occurs in a certain way. This theoretical concept of seismic energy dissipation by allowing the occurrence of plastic hinges at the end of the beams and the columns located at the ground floor...
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Lessons Learnt from EarthquakesFull paper - scientific
A vast majority of buildings built in Croatia are masonry buildings. A fair amount of these buildings was built before the development of seismic codes. Also, most of the structures that are considered to have great historical and cultural value are in fact built in masonry. If all the above is taken into account with the Zagreb earthquake being just the most recent reminder of the seismic...
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Suzana Ereiz (Assistant, University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering)Seismic Performance of Structures
Tie rods are typically used to transfer axial forces and prevent unwanted displacement on vaults, walls, arches, and buttresses in historical buildings. In order to verify their load-bearing capacity and to identify potential structural damage risks, it is very important to determine the forces transferred by tie rods and the corresponding stresses. Due to the often lack of project...
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Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
As the development of the codes of practice converges towards limiting displacements rather than forces, it is of utmost importance to be able to design the structures for predefined performance criteria. Following the objective-based design, one can accurately predict the structural displacements during realistic earthquake loading and evaluate the response of the structural elements. The...
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Earthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and Management
The custom of laying out the foundation stone is a remnant of an ancient knowledge of importance of an auspicious beginning of the construction. Today, many key knowledges about building that brings a good luck to the occupants has been lost. Failure to build in proper way causes many troubles to the inhabitants.
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Here we are presenting the basic knowledge of a restored science of the... -
Dr Ivana Katurić (Urbanex)Urban Renovation Wave Triggered by EarthquakeFull paper - professional
Many European cities are facing problems of decline in parts of the urban fabric due to socio-economic changes. Urban space is a ‘living tissue’ that is constantly changing due to numerous factors such as technological progress, demographic change, the need for housing and business space, etc. Just like any living organism, urban space experiences its ‘birth’, growth and decay. Urban decay is...
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Post Disaster Recovery and ReconstructionFull paper - scientific
The 2020 Zagreb earthquake occurred on Sunday 22 March 2020. This earthquake was the first that happened during the lockdown imposed by governments to stop spreading the COVID-19. This fact makes the event interesting as a multi-hazard phenomenon. The lockdown made it not possible to deploy an earthquake reconnaissance mission. Therefore, it was necessary to undertake a remote mission...
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Dr David Koren (University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Architecture), Mrs Katarina Rus (University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Architecture)Earthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and ManagementFull paper - scientific
The seismic performance assessment of an urban system can help raise awareness and improve a community’s preparedness for extreme earthquake events. Addressing this issue, the authors’ first attempt at a quantitative evaluation of a city’s performance in the event of an earthquake is presented in this paper. The assumed city model comprised of four main urban components (buildings,...
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Lessons Learnt from EarthquakesExtended abstract
Currently, the assessment of existing structures focuses mainly on identifying, localizing, and evaluating deterioration and damage. The diagnoses are based on the design procedures of new structures and the planning of interventions often suggests reinforcement. The current practice of the assessment of existing structures might not be considered suitable to facilitate confident decisions...
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Post Disaster Recovery and ReconstructionExtended abstract
After the damage of a building due to an earthquake, several steps must be followed to decide in what way to proceed. Technical evaluation of the building needs to be carried out to assess the scale of damage. Technical assessment includes considerations related to structural stability and load-carrying capacity, as well as any damage that might have occurred in non-load bearing elements (e.g....
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Innovative TechnologyExtended abstract
Pri kvantifikaciji šteta i što podrobnijoj identifikaciji objekata pokazale su se izrazito korisnima postojeće podloge koje redovito razvijamo. Tako smo preklapanjem oštećenja zgrada s trodimenzijskim modelom Grada Zagreba uspjeli dimenzionirati razmjere štete od potresa. Upravo nam je to preklapanje omogućilo ažurno spajanje informacija i time je kartiranje na terenu dobilo momentum i...
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Seismic Performance of StructuresExtended abstract
With the increase of the population in densely populated areas, the lack of living space leads to an increase of need for upgrades to existing buildings. The problem related to upgrades is of greater importance in seismically active areas, especially in older buildings designed according to old codes. Depending on the type of upgrade, it may affect the existing structure differently, but on...
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Tomislav Kišiček (University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Enginering)Post Disaster Recovery and ReconstructionFull paper - scientific
The earthquake in Zagreb on March 22, 2020 damaged many buildings, most of which were masonry and constructed before the use of earthquake-resistant construction regulations. That quake indicated the need for strengthening masonry buildings for seismic action. Seismic forces are mostly carried by the in-plane shear walls. Therefore, the main problem is proper calculation of the required...
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Mr Davor Uglešić (D&Z doo Zadar)Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
In this paper, we will present the equipment and method by which we assess the natural frequencies on site. The data motivated us to start estimating the eigenfrequencies of structures and apply the results to calibrate FEM models. Several case studies will be presented in which the calibration method of FEM models via structural natural frequencies identified onsite were applied. The...
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Post Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction
Non-destructive techniques such as ground-penetrating radar (GPR) have many benefits for the condition assessment of structures. Acquiring real-time results in a short time frame makes the inspection with GPR very effective even in the case of large areas. The inspection ensures minimal obstruction, therefore, GPR could be beneficial in cases of cultural heritage and historical buildings. By...
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Mario Uros (University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Enginering)Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
The paper presents a case-study of a typical residential building in the district Lower town in Zagreb historical center. The building is the representative example of unreinforced masonry buildings that were built at the end of nineteenth and at the beginning of twentieth century. Many buildings of this typology, as well as the case-study building, suffered moderate to severe damage due to...
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Matea SrukSeismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
Out-of-plane wall failures was recognized as the most common form of earthquake damage to buildings that occurred during ML 5.5 earthquake that hit the City of Zagreb on Sunday, 22nd March 2020. In this paper, a typical residential building in city centre known as Lower Town is studied. Post-earthquake building survey showed that one gable wall partially failed, while damage on several other...
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Irena Gjorgjeska (Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology)Geo-aspects of Earthquake Engineering
The large number of catastrophic earthquakes that have occurred worldwide and their consequences point out the fact that the seismo-geological structure of the terrain represents an amplitude-frequency modifier of the seismic effect. The unconsolidated sediments lying upon the bedrock as well as the variations of the bedrock topography may increase the amplification potential of the seismic...
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Mr Besar Abdiu (Mother Teresa University, Skopje, North Macedonia)Seismic Performance of Structures
Earthquake resistance of structures is guaranteed through their proper design according to the seismic codes in power. In the Republic of North Macedonia, since 1981, the regulative for construction of high-rise buildings in seismic locations together with the regulative for concrete and reinforced concrete (1987) are applied, herein called Macedonian Codes. On the other hand, for seismic...
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Seismic Performance of StructuresExtended abstract
Every man-made structure induce more or less seismic energy through it’s foundations, but the most of the human casualties happens in residential buildings. Unfortunately, although most of the old houses and buildings are seismically vulnerable by default, many of the new design structures also represent threat during seismic event to their residents. Conventional aseismic standards imply the...
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Wilson Carofilis Gallo (University School for Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia), Bryan Chalarca Echeverri (University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia)Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
The latest middle and high intensity seismic events have demonstrated that the potential seismic risk of nonstructural elements compromises a building's overall seismic performance, affecting especially the building operability. Additionally, nonstructural elements account for a considerably large fraction of the total earthquake economic losses and total building costs. Several international...
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Mr Ferit Gashi (University of Rome "LA SAPIENZA")Seismic Performance of StructuresExtended abstract
This paper summarizes the experimental campaign carried out for the development of a new steel energy dissipative device named Slit Dampers (SDs) designed for earthquake protection of structures. SDs consist in shear steel plates with appropriately shaped cut-out portions of material for allowing the maximum spread of plastic deformation along the device and then maximizing the hysteretic...
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Immediate Post-Disaster Response
The Banovina area was severely damaged by the powerful earthquake that hit the region in December 2020. The Croatian Army justified the trust of the public and proved to be a highly efficient and trained organization, able to provide immediate aid to those who need it. It promptly made its material and human resources available to the survivors. With its capacities, the Croatian Army can...
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Mr Alexandru Tiganescu (National Institute for Earth Physics)Earthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and ManagementFull paper - scientific
The management of emergency situations generated by natural or man-made disasters is a worldwide critical task for both public and private entities. In Romania, seismic hazard represents one of the most dangerous threats, in terms of potential physical and socio-economic losses. In recent years, taking advantage of the new technology developments and increase of the computational power,...
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Mr Ioannis Papargyriou (PhD student, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The University of Sheffield)Seismic Performance of StructuresExtended abstract
Over the past decade, the market for cold-formed steel (CFS) systems has significantly expanded, especially for the construction of low to mid-rise buildings. CFS moment-resisting frame systems have become popular even in seismic-prone regions, mainly for single-storey portal-framed buildings of industrial use. However, their application in multi-storey structures is still limited by the...
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Mr Luka Lulić (University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering)Lessons Learnt from EarthquakesExtended abstract
To assess the consequences of an earthquake on building stock, it is essential to know the predominant building types, their distribution, prevalent local construction practices, and their performance in past earthquakes. The rapid assessment takes place within the first days after the occurrence of the major earthquake. It aims at fast identification of safe usage of buildings after an...
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Prof. Naida Ademovic (Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Sarajevo)Engineering and General SeismologyExtended abstract
Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in the center of the Western Balkans, occupying an area of 51,197 km². This area represents one of the active seismic zones in this region which is a part of the Trans-Mediterranean-Asian Seismic belt. Looking at the Euro Mediterranean Seismic Hazard Map, Bosnia and Herzegovina falls in the Moderate Seismic Hazard having the PGA in the range of 0.08 to 0.24g,...
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Geo-aspects of Earthquake EngineeringExtended abstract
Seismic hazard assessment requires seismic source models representative for time spans greater than the period of earthquake catalogue completeness. In order to include seismic deformation in a several hundreds to thousands of year time interval, we need to rely on long-term geologic input in the form of fault seismogenic sources. This is particularly valid for low to moderate seismic...
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Seismic Performance of Structures
In this paper, the procedure applied in the design of a 155 meter high telecommunication tower that is currently being built on Vodno mountain, in the immediate vicinity of Skopje, is discussed. The complex architectonic shape of the tower, the large number of users of the space with their own specific requirements and the expected flexibility of the structure made the design engineers define...
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Seismic Performance of StructuresExtended abstract
The buildings with a soft storey represent a great danger for the safety of the tenants in seismically active areas. Because of the improper distribution of stiffness in height of the building, the seismic effect results in a failure in the most unfavourable way, that is, an unannounced collapse through a soft storey, whereby plastic joints are formed first in the columns, without dissipation...
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Mr Mohammad Mizanur Rahman (Assistant Professor, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka -1342, Bangladesh.), Mrs Sabrina Sharmin (Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh.)Earthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and ManagementExtended abstract
Earthquake is one of those disasters which have a direct and acquit effect on human lives and settlement. At any disaster event, the importance of hospitals is out of question. Functional hospitals are a cornerstone in a coordinated national disaster response and without it the health consequence could be disastrous. Vulnerability assessment for non-structural elements of a hospital is very...
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Lessons Learnt from EarthquakesFull paper - professional
Earthquakes are rather rare in Croatia. Therefore, citizens of Croatia are less motivated in understanding the earthquakes than the citizens of e.g. California or Japan. Unfortunately, this results in difficulties which civil engineers have in fulfilling the requirements of clients and even architects. Additionally, in education and lifestyle, Croatia is traditionally oriented towards Austria...
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Qudratullah Sharafi (Architecture and Civil Engineering Department, Toyohashi University of Technology)Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
Reinforced Concrete (RC) frame structures are designed and constructed in the major parts of Afghanistan. Meanwhile, the brick masonry wall is one of the most common material that is used as internal and external walls inside the reinforced concrete frame for the building construction. The brick masonry infill wall is defined as a non-structural element for the common structural design...
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Željana Nikolić (University of Split, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy)Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
Modelling of the collapse of engineering structures due to hazardous loading conditions such as intensive seismic excitation represents a great challenge for researchers. Apart from knowing the value of the collapse load, it is very important to know the behaviour of the structure up to collapse, especially with respect to crack initiation and plastification of particular zones, behaviour of...
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Ms Mst. Tanzila Aktar Shawon (Postgraduate Research Student, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka -1342, Bangladesh. ), Mr Mohammad Mizanur Rahman (Assistant Professor, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka -1342, Bangladesh.)Earthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and ManagementExtended abstract
Bangladesh is one of the most earthquake vulnerable countries in the world. As Bangladesh is located near to the boundary of two active plates (Indian plate in the west and Eurasian plate in the east and north) the country has invariably been under threat of an earthquake that may be so harmful that may kill people to less than a moment. With the frequency of earthquakes on the increase, it is...
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Geo-aspects of Earthquake EngineeringFull paper - scientific
As natural or artificial earthen structures that provides flood protection adjacent to rivers or coastal areas, levees should be verified for several relevant design situations. For this verification, Eurocode 7 adopts semi-probabilistic approach, which utilizes statistical methods to select characteristic values of geotechnical parameters, thus neglecting spatial correlation between the same...
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Ilomame Murad (Ph.D. Student)Seismic Performance of Structures
The common corrosion problem in conventional steel reinforcement induces a significant deterioration of the bridge pier’s yielding displacement and ductility. Superelastic shape memory alloy (SE-SMA) possesses a high corrosion resistance and retrievers its original shape upon load removal. The unique material properties attract the attention for structural design use. However, the yielding...
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Prof. Viktor HristovskiSeismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
The proper seismic design of bridge structural bearings and expansion joints enables avoiding high repair costs after earthquakes. The paper discusses some experiences of the authors in design of bridge bearings and expansion joints according to Eurocodes. Within the scope of the detailed design of several new road overpasses, railway underpasses and railway bridges in the Republic of...
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Mr Eldin Kaloper (GEOKONZALTING Ltd.)Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
In this paper a nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete frame elements exposed to monotonic and cyclic loading is presented. The analysis was executed using 3D solid elements in DIANA FEA and frame elements with localized nonlinearities in SAP 2000. The results were verified against the experimental testing conducted at the Institute for Materials and Structures of the Faculty...
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Mr Emir Hodžić (University of Sarajevo)Seismic Performance of Structures
Reinforced-concrete walls have been frequently used as a bearing system for seismic loads in the last half of the century. They partially replaced the traditional European way of building with brick walls, and they are most often used for the construction of residential and business buildings of medium height. The aim of this study is to numerically examine the influence of different...
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Dr Yeraly Shokbarov , Mr Gani TemiraliulyEarthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and ManagementExtended abstract
The article presents the results of the research work "Certification of real estate objects of the city of Almaty for the purpose of their survey for earthquake resistance" carried out in 2017-2018 in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Almaty is located in the zone of high seismic risk. The main purpose of the work is to obtain up-to-date data on the seismic vulnerability of buildings and structures...
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Seismic Performance of Structures
This paper presents a failure analysis of the bell tower of The Church of St. Francis of Assisi on Kaptol in Zagreb on seismic action using the Finite-Discrete Element method - FDEM. The bell tower is made of masonry, and throughout history it has had a number of damages and reconstructions. It was significantly damaged in the Zagreb and Petrinja earthquakes. The analysis was performed on a...
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Innovative TechnologyExtended abstract
Existing reinforced concrete structures are subject to damage and performance degradation under external loads. It is then necessary to improve their performance using appropriate strengthening techniques. Over the last decades, new construction materials for strengthening and design have emerged. These are referred to as fiber- reinforced polymer (FRP) composites and have unique mechanical...
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Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
In this paper, the seismic response of a 5 story reinforced concrete (RC) frame system building is analysed through the fragility analysis. The construction is designed in accordance with structural Eurocodes: EN1990; EN1991; EN1992; EN1998, as a ductility class high (DCH) system. For the analysis of the response of structural system to the earthquake actions, the methods of nonlinear static...
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Immediate Post-Disaster ResponseExtended abstract
OGS (National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics) manages a dense earthquake monitoring network in northeastern Italy created after the 1976 Friuli earthquake that caused nearly 1000 victims. Nowadays, the network (called SMINO - Sistema di Monitoraggio terrestre dell’Italia Nord Orientale) is constituted by 43 broad-band, short and mean period seismic stations, 83 strong motion...
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Ms Maria Valasaki (University of Thessaly)Innovative TechnologyFull paper - scientific
Due to the necessity to strengthen existing reinforced concrete structures, innovative materials such as Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP’s) may be used to comply with increasing loads and modern regulations. Externally bonded FRP overlays have been used to increase the flexural, shear and compressive capacity of concrete. The use of externally bonded FRP’s to confine circular concrete...
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Ms Maria Valasaki (University of Thessaly)Innovative TechnologyFull paper - scientific
Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP’s) are widely used as composite materials in Civil Engineering applications in order to rehabilitate or strengthen existing structural elements. FRP’s have been used as flexural and shear reinforcement and also as a confining material mostly for concrete columns. Several studies have identified a large increase in terms of strength and axial deformation for...
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Geodesy in pre- and post-disaster responseFull paper - professional
This work will present a project proposal that represents the national complement of NATO-Science and Technology Organization activity SET-279 "Satellite sensor with synthetic aperture and big data technology in support of NATO operations". There is a possibility to use the acquired knowledge and experience in automatic processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images for civilian support...
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Irena Gjorgjeska (Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology)Geo-aspects of Earthquake Engineering
Definition of seismo-geological characteristics of a terrain is of a great importance when it comes to selection of strong-motion station sites. Local site conditions can modify the amplitude-frequency content of the seismic motion during an earthquake. Therefore, site characterization is very significant for correct analysis and use of earthquake records.
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Geophysical surveys using surface... -
Earthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and ManagementFull paper - scientific
Urban historic centers, represented by unreinforced stone and brick masonry structures constructed before the introduction of a more demanding seismic design code, are important part of the cultural heritage. Beside their cultural-historic value, they usually represent important economic and touristic centers. Encouraged by a substantial increase in tourism, the authorities have often carried...
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Prof. Igor Gjorgjiev (Assoc. Prof., Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology-IZIIS, University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia)Seismic Performance of Structures
The behaviour of structures subjected to earthquake excitation is mostly defined by their dynamic properties. Also, they indicate the potential structural response to any unwanted dynamic excitations which may lead to uncomfortable feeling of the occupants. One of the factors that influences the structure’s dynamic properties of cast-in-place concrete systems is the construction technology....
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Zaviša ŠimacEarthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and Management
The fundamental purpose of successful disaster risk reduction is the integration of risk aware decision making in every phase of disaster risk management and in all national development programmes. Croatian disaster risk governance is fragmented between sectors and local and national government. Risk governance and emergency management are wrongly viewed as one and the same – emergency...
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Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
A new simplified structural model, which is termed as the improved fish-bone model (IFB), is presented in the paper's first part. The model is an extension of the conventional fish-bone model. It can be used for seismic analysis of older and contemporary predominantly plan-symmetric reinforced concrete frame buildings. The IFB model approximately accounts for the importance of structural...
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Geo-aspects of Earthquake EngineeringFull paper - scientific
The importance of SSI is observed when a high rise building rests on soft subsoil where there is a need to estimate deformations caused by application of high loads from earthquake time histories. In simulation of SSI problems it is of great importance to select the most reliable time histories which would reliably adhere effects in the simulation problems.
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Within this paper a ten storey... -
Boris Azinović (Zavod za gradbeništvo Slovenije (ZAG))Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
In-plane lateral tests of timber based shear walls (e.g. light-frame or cross laminated timber walls) are the basis for the derivation of mechanical parameters required for the seismic and wind design (lateral load-bearing and displacement capacity, stiffness, ductility, etc.). The currently available testing standards, such as ISO 21581, do not provide explicit criteria for some testing...
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Gabrijela Starešinič (Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Jamova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia), Dr Matija Gams (Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Jamova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia)Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
This paper presents experimental and analytical investigation of the fastening system typically used for horizontal cladding panels in RC precast industrial buildings in Central Europe. The considered system consists of two main parts: a pair of top bolted connections, which provide the horizontal stability of the panel, and a pair of bottom cantilever connections, which support the weight of...
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Geo-aspects of Earthquake EngineeringExtended abstract
Railway traffic-induced vibrations are becoming one of the major environmental concerns in urban areas. Such vibrations may affect the quality of life of people settled in the vicinity of railway lines with frequent traffic. This paper contains the results from the research conducted by in-situ measurements and numerical modelling of railway traffic-induced vibrations. First, the transducers...
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Geo-aspects of Earthquake Engineering
The foundation soil is the last structural element to which seismic forces are transmitted and is an unavoidable factor of stability, but also a threat to some buildings. Many years of experience in testing and repairing the foundations of buildings in the urban area of Zagreb and Banovina has shown that the soil is degraded in many cases, primarily by secondary influences. Among the most...
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Seismic Performance of Structures
Polyurethane panels are used for façade cladding and roofing, mainly, of industrial objects. They allow for a quick installation, and with that a reduction of the building cost. According to the current regulations in Macedonia, panels are only used as secondary load bearing elements, and not as elements that are in direct interaction with the rest of the load bearing construction.This work...
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Ivo Haladin (University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering)Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
Zagreb 2020 earthquake severely damaged the historic centre of the City. Most of the damage occurred on historic masonry residential buildings of which many are situated in very close vicinity to the tram track. Vibrations generated by traffic can be harmful to buildings if they have been damaged by a previous earthquake. Vibrations could attribute to propagation of existing cracks. The effect...
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Veronika Shendova (Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, UKIM-IZIIS, Skopje)Post Disaster Recovery and ReconstructionExtended abstract
Despite the extensive use of modern construction materials, old masonry buildings, characterized by high consumption of energy and a high risk of partial or complete destruction during earthquakes, still represent a great majority of both residential and public building stock in many earthquake‐prone countries, such as the countries in the Balkan region. Improvement of seismic resistance and...
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Innovative TechnologyExtended abstract
This research project aims to improve earthquake alarm systems which aim to monitor bridges and road systems. The system monitor in real-time the stability of the structures and to report the state of alarm in the national emergency. To bridges monitoring we determining the stresses at critical points also in the event of a catastrophe where the bridge loses its stability and consequently...
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Urban Renovation Wave Triggered by EarthquakeFull paper - scientific
Potresi 2020. godine bolna su trauma za sve stanovnike Zagreba, Siska, Petrinje i okruženja. Ukazali su na seizmičku neotpornost građevne supstance na koje su stručnjaci godinama upozoravali, a nitko ih nije slušao. Povijesne građevine i jezgre gradova građene prije aseizmičkog dimenzioniranja, oslabljene su dodatno uslijed neodržavanja i provizornih intervencija. Suburbana i ruralna supstanca...
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Julijana Bojadjieva (IZIIS)Geo-aspects of Earthquake Engineering
In order to study local site effect on the modification of strong ground motions and dynamic response of structural systems a three-dimensional strong motion instrumentation array at Ohrid Lake basin is developed in the 80’s. This 3d strong motion array is consisted of three free field sites with one surface and three downhole instruments each, up to 125 meters to the bedrock; one nine story...
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ZHIVKO BOZHINOVSKI (Professor)Seismic Performance of StructuresExtended abstract
During the past earthquakes, we have witnessed extensive structural damage on modern high-rise buildings. The use of flat-slab or partially flat-slab system, inadequate seismic dilatation joints, occurrence of plastic hinges in columns, short columns mechanism, building additional storeys on already designed/constructed structures, inadequate transverse reinforcement in columns and beams and...
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Prof. Veronika Shendova (Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, IZIIS, UKIM, Skopje)Post Disaster Recovery and ReconstructionExtended abstract
Presently, there is a diverse list of existing code references which could be interpreted to require seismic upgrades of existing structures, but without a clear path toward addressing the hazards, evaluation and retrofitting of existing buildings. When this comes to existing historic buildings and monuments, the topic becomes much more complex and challenging.
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The problem of earthquake... -
Prof. Goran Jekic (Asst. Prof., Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology (IZIIS), Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje)Earthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and ManagementExtended abstract
The unexpected misbehavior of buildings during the recent frequent earthquakes in Mediterranean region resulted in significant loss of human lives, injuries and economic losses due to the poor capacity of their structural systems and built-in materials to sustain seismic load. Among the lessons learned from recent earthquake in southeastern Europe is that identifying existing buildings’...
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Prof. Danijel Danijel Sugar (University of Zagreb - Faculty of Geodesy)Geodesy in pre- and post-disaster responseFull paper - scientific
CROPOS (Croatian Positioning System) is a Croatian permanent GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) network featuring 33 stations distributed over the national territory at an average distance of 70 km between stations. The system was established in 2008, in the meantime enlarged and improved, and eventually, in summer 2019 it was upgraded to support observations of the European Galileo...
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Seismic Performance of StructuresExtended abstract
Lateral behaviour of RC Buildings is a great importance when it is in question the earthquake happening, so in this paper are presented the differences between buildings which have slabs without beams compared with those that in their slabs have included beams. Analysis is done for low and middle rise building, because these buildings are predominant in Kosovo and our region. The reason why we...
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Mr Amar Kadić (INFRA Ltd.)Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
Infill walls significantly affect the resistance of structure. However, in the design it is generally neglected which leads to erroneous assessment of stiffness, load bearing capacity and serviceability. Seismic response of reinforced concrete frames with masonry infill can be analysed employing models of different complexity: micro-, meso- and macromodels. Macromodelling strategy, where...
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Ms Marina Poposka (Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology)Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
Aseismic design of structures in seismic prone regions is a complex process consisting of structural system definition, selection of foundation depth and type, definition of external impacts – both, gravitational and seismic, proper detailing and definition of stability and vulnerability level. Stability of a structure is controlled by the structural dynamic response under real seismic...
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Ms Ioanna Skyrianou (University of Thessaly)Innovative TechnologyFull paper - scientific
Reuse of waste tyre rubber particles as a sustainable replacement for mineral aggregates in concrete has been an object of research for several years. The severe impact of rubber particles in concrete’s mechanical performance (substantial reduction of its compressive strength), has led researchers in examining the confinement via externally bonded composites as a possible solution to mitigate...
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Ljupko Perić (MWV Bauingenieure AG, Baden, Švicarska)Seismic Performance of Structures
The modal pushover analysis (MPA) is an improvement of the standard nonlinear performance-based seismic evaluation of structures, based on the first mode constant force distribution over the height. The MPA is based on the theory of dynamics of structures, it retains conceptual simplicity and the computational attractiveness of a standard pushover analysis (SPA). MPA considers higher vibration...
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Mr Blériot V. Feujofack K. (Sustainable Engineered Structural Solutions Laboratory, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Canada)Innovative TechnologyFull paper - scientific
Mass timber products are increasingly used in mid-rise to high-rise buildings. Cross-laminated timber (CLT), in particular, is highly used and plays a major role in timber construction. Balloon-type construction appears to be a particularly advantageous system when using CLT panels –it enables to avoid the compression perpendicular-to-grain in floor diaphragms and the disruption of load...
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Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
The paper shows aspects of damping modelling in nonlinear static pushover analysis (NSPA) of structures through systematization of damping types and formed flow diagram, depending on the type of applied target displacement analysis. By applying the developed flow diagram, in the process of creating and analysing numerical models of structures, it is possible to very efficiently consider which...
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Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
Many historical centres in Europe, including the city centre of Zagreb, feature masonry building aggregates, which developed as the building layout of the city was densified. Adjacent buildings in aggregates often share a structural wall and the building that was constructed second connects to the wall of the first building through interlocking stones or a dry joint. When compared to the...
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Mr Igor Magdalenić (Hrvatska udruga kriznog menadžmenta)Immediate Post-Disaster ResponseExtended abstract
The paper will present in more detail the experiences gained and lessons learned in using aerial imagery and satellite systems after earthquakes, which have proven practical in a pandemic working conditions, given that a remote sensing is remote by default. Also, the possibility of monitoring the development of the situation, obtaining a large amount of data in a wide area of interest in a...
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Seismic Performance of Structures
Long span structures with significant distance between the adjacent supports experience multiple support excitation. The difference in the excitation of the supports occurs due to the change of seismic-wave properties when passing from one medium to another, a delay caused by the distance between the supports, the position of the epicentre relative to the structure etc. The dynamic response of...
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Geo-aspects of Earthquake EngineeringFull paper - scientific
High frequency motion is typically observed in experimental works on seismic soil behaviour in centrifuge and in 1-g laboratory tests even if single harmonic sinusoidal input motions are imposed at base. Often these high frequencies are associated with the imperfections of the experimental setups, such as imprecise actuating systems or interaction between specimen and soil containers. On the...
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Innovative Technology
This paper proposes a simpler analytical system that can be used to describe the dynamics of Negative Stiffness Bilinear Elastic (NSBE) systems, and consequently design them in a simpler manner. The NSBE oscillator is a mathematical idealization, which can be used to describe rocking structures with or without flexible restraining systems or curved extension at their bases. The paper defines...
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Ionut Ovidiu Toma (The "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi)Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
Due to the rapid expansion of urban areas around the world and the ever-increasing number of reinforced concrete (RC) structures serving a variety of functional purposes, their behaviour in case of major seismic events has become of great interest to researchers and decision makers alike. Although initially designed to ensure certain levels of safety in case of earthquakes, the damage...
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Seismic Performance of StructuresExtended abstract
An assessment study of the seismic behavior of steel buildings, including their foundation system, designed according to Eurocode 8 provisions is presented. This assessment study is performed for two types of seismic motions that are not explicitly addressed in the context of Eurocode 8, i.e., the near-fault and the long duration seismic motions. In particular, by means of non-linear...
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Seismic Performance of StructuresExtended abstract
In this paper a fully automated optimization procedure of reinforced concrete structures exposed to earthquakes by using genetic algorithm-GA optimization method is implemented. Given the highly stochastic nature of the earthquake, its extreme effects and possible catastrophic consequences, special attention must be paid to solving this problem. The behaviour of structural systems was assessed...
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Lessons Learnt from Earthquakes
Recent earthquakes in Balkan, including the September 21 and November 26, 2020 Albania earthquakes, March 22, 2020 Zagreb earthquake, and the December 29, 2020 Petrinja, Croatia earthquakes had devastating consequences for the affected population of these countries. Besides substantial structural damage of RC buildings as well as loadbearing masonry buildings, these earthquakes caused...
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Ms Filip Anić (Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Osijek)Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
The majority of multi-storey buildings worldwide are constructed as reinforced concrete frame structures with masonry infill walls. Whereas frames, unlike infill walls are considered load-bearing. Yet, infill walls contribute to the structure’s overall behaviour during seismic activity. Also, infill walls can impose hazard and safety issues due to Out-of-Plane instability. Consequently, this...
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Mark White (Law Offices of Mark N. White)Earthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and ManagementFull paper - scientific
Dubrovnik (Croatia) and Hilo (Hawaii, USA) are two urban centers that frequently face the challenges inherent in cataclysmic tsunamis. This paper will demonstrate better practices for incorporating dynamic aquatic forces in urban planning and project-specific landscape design for metropolitan waterfronts, drawing on the specific tsunami history of Dubrovnik and Hilo; it will also identify...
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Mrs Azin ShahkarPost Disaster Recovery and ReconstructionFull paper - scientific
Natural disasters (including earthquakes) negatively impact the physical environment and human being in many ways. Among them, post disaster housing needs have triggered multidisciplinary approaches to better address and resolve this problem. The urgent need for shelter is very high, especially after a devastating earthquake. In seismically vulnerable areas, post-disaster housing is one of the...
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Dr Petra Jamšek Rupnik (Geological Survey of Slovenia)Geo-aspects of Earthquake EngineeringExtended abstract
Paleoseismological techniques have been developed to investigate past seismic activity on faults and provide valuable data for estimating the seismic hazard of an area, especially when the historical earthquake record is much shorter than the average earthquake cycle. Paleoseismic evidence can include joints, discrete faults, folds, soft-sediment deformation and liquefaction, depending on the...
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Mr Ahmad Naqi (Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology (TUT), Japan.)Seismic Performance of Structures
High-rise buildings in the regions with multi-hazard (MH) events, such as wind and earthquake, are exposed to more than one type of lateral excitations which act in consecutive manner. Conventionally, in such regions, the maximum of each MH event is used separately to evaluate the performance of buildings while the contribution of preceding event is neglected. When using vibration control...
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Geo-aspects of Earthquake Engineering
On 29 December 2020 destructive M6.2 earthquake hit well known Petrinja epicentral area, and caused strong damage on many buildings in Petrinja, Sisak, and Glina, as well as on solid modern linear infrastructure (roads, bridges, artificial river embankments, pipelines etc.). The seismic hazard is not depending only on the estimated coseismic ground acceleration that should be used for EUROCODE...
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Innovative Technology
This paper claims that a major source of error in Seismic Analysis of Structures is the assumptions used to scale up from component- to system-level behavior. It also claims that validation of numerical models should be performed statistically. As a statistical validation requires multiple virgin specimens, the paper suggests the use of a 3D printer to construct the reinforcement of micro RC...
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Kemal Edip (Assoc. Prof.), Mr Toni Kitanovski (MSc), Mr Dejan Ivanovski (MSc candidate)Geo-aspects of Earthquake EngineeringFull paper - scientific
Effective and efficient modeling of soil media is of importance in geotechnical earthquake engineering especially when pore pressure development is considered. Concerning the formulation of the coupled approach, a soil element is presented as a mixture of three constituents – soil grains, water and air in the pores. For the mathematical description of the coupled approach mixture theory is...
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Urban Renovation Wave Triggered by EarthquakeFull paper - scientific
Paper summarises post disaster recovery practice in Serbia in the last decade. In the last few years (2015 - 2020) in the Republic of Serbia, several important documents (laws, bylaw, official instructions and risk assessment reports) have been adopted, which represent the basis for future methodology for assessing damage from natural and other disasters. Assessment of the building structures...
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Prof. Vlatko Sheshov (IZIIS)Lessons Learnt from EarthquakesFull paper - professional
Following the M=6.4 earthquake that hit Durres in Albania on 26.11.2019, at the request of the Government of the Republic of Albania to the Government of R.N. Macedonia, in coordination with the deputy Prime Minister of the Government of R. N. Macedonia and the Director of the Bureau for Forensic Expertise of the R. N. Macedonia as operational coordinator, teams of experts were established for...
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Innovative Technology
The aging building stock is turning to be an urging problem for Europe, and it costs even human lives in some cases. Significant part of this building stock along with infrastructure were constructed with substandard characteristics such as poor-quality material, insufficient flexural strength, wrong reinforcement details and improper design of structural system. On the other hand, Europe has...
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Earthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and ManagementExtended abstract
The article describes history, approaches and well-tested technologies, which have developed and have successfully applied for preventive reinforcement of insufficiently earthquake-resistant buildings of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. This was required due to the short-term forecast of earthquake with M ~ 7.5 and in the corresponding of order of Russia Council of Ministers on upgrading the seismic...
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Seismic Performance of StructuresExtended abstract
Earthquake swarms are catastrophic events that affect the global strength, stiffness and ductility of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures due to the effects of damage accumulation. Such multiple excitations can be more critical if RC buildings are exposed to highly aggressive environments. In this study, the seismic performance of a four-story RC framed structure exposed to corrosion...
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Rafael Ramirez Eudave (Universidade do Minho)Earthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and ManagementExtended abstract
The assessment of the seismic performance of historical buildings faces numerous challenges, mostly related to the diversity of the building stock and the uncertainties associated with the characterisation of the structural and construction systems. However, such assessment is essential, not only considering the human and material losses that can stem from the poor seismic performance of these...
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Arkadiusz Kwiecień (Cracow University of Technology)Innovative TechnologyFull paper - scientific
The main objective of this paper is to present the efficiency of an innovative seismic protection of masonry infills in RC frame structures, based on polyurethane flexible joints (PUFJ). The proposed repair and strengthening method was assessed and validated through forced vibration testing of a full-scale building. The test specimen examined dynamically in the Dynamic Testing Laboratory of...
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Ivo Haladin (University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering)Immediate Post-Disaster ResponseExtended abstract
Post-earthquake assessment can be defined as a procedure to define the given structure's safety and usability after an earthquake. The seismic behaviour of buildings depends on numerous parameters such as the construction, building material, the geometry of the structure, stiffness properties and non-linear aspects, conceptual design, etc.
Brief facts about the Zagreb earthquake, the...
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Dario Jozinović (INGV Rome)Innovative TechnologyExtended abstract
We present research that uses a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) based technique to predict intensity measurements (IMs) of earthquake ground shaking. The input data to the CNN model consists of multistation (39 stations), 3C acceleration waveforms recorded during the 2016 Central Italy earthquake sequence for 915 M ≥ 3.0 events. Using a 10 s window starting at the earthquake origin...
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Earthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and ManagementFull paper - scientific
Seismic vulnerability estimation of existing structures is unquestionably interesting topic of high priority, particularly after earthquake events. Having in mind the vast number of old masonry buildings in North Macedonia serving as public institutions, it is evident that the structural assessment of these buildings is an issue of great importance.
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In this paper, a comprehensive methodology... -
Mrs Caroline Piesker (HALFEN GmbH)Post Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction
Due to the earthquake on 22 March 2020 serious damage to thousands of buildings occurred above all in the historic centre of Zagreb. People were injured and escape routes were blocked by falling facades or parts of buildings.
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Significantly mainly older and badly preserved buildings were damaged, whereas buildings built after 1964, which had to meet the requirements of the regulations for... -
Mr Davor Uglešić (D&Z doo Zadar)Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - professional
The reconstruction project of an existing masonry building will be presented in this paper. The building was erected in 1911. It has a ground floor and three floors. Its façade is protected as cultural heritage. We will show that the applied solutions meet the basic conservation - restoration requirements: less is more, reversibility and compatibility; and the structural designers:...
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Mariano Zanini (University of Padova)Seismic Performance of StructuresExtended abstract
Nowadays, many Codes develop a force-based design approach, which accounts for the inelastic capacity of structures by means of a reduction coefficient, i.e. behaviour factor. At the same time, in earthquake engineering there is an ever-increasing interest on the evaluation of structural safety, through the so-called reliability analysis. Consequently, some studies analysed failure probability...
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Innovative TechnologyExtended abstract
On Sunday 22 March 2020, while most of Europe was experiencing lockdowns to contain the COVID-19 pandemic, a Mw5.3 earthquake hit the capital of Croatia. The event caused damage to buildings and critical infrastructure in the Zagreb city centre and surrounding villages. While the intensity of the earthquake and the resulting casualties and damage are minor in comparison to past events...
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Post Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction
The knowledge of earthquake load in the last 50 years has been changing according to the results of the research. In national codes and provisions of European Union, Japan, U.S., duration of most bridges is supposed to be 50 years. Thus, bridges built 30 or more years ago are designed to load that is different from today's knowledge of earthquake load. Many bridges which were built before...
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Prof. Mladen VuceticGeo-aspects of Earthquake Engineering
During earthquakes soil deposits are exposed to all kinds of seismic waves and are consequently subjected to three-directional cyclic loading and straining. In the geotechnical earthquake engineering practice, however, the analyses of such complex response of the deposits to seismic forces, the site response analyses, are typically reduced to the analyses of the effects of the vertically...
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Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
In the countries of the former Yugoslavia, the first regulations for the design of seismically resistant structures date back to 1964, and the reason for their adoption was the Skopje earthquake in 1963. The next, much more advanced structural code dates from 1981 with a few additions. Many RC multi-storey buildings were designed and built according to the mentioned code for high-rise...
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Post Disaster Recovery and ReconstructionFull paper - professional
Zagreb Cathedral was seriously damaged in the earthquake that hit Zagreb in March, 2020. The top of the southern tower broke and crashed down, while the northern tower was badly damaged. Because of high risk of collapsing and causing even greater damage to the Cathedral and surrounding buildings, it was necessary to remove the damaged part. Important and demanding phase of the removal has been...
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Seismic Performance of Structures
Seismic performance analysis of a stone masonry building dating back to the 15th century, a period in which seismic norms were non-existent, can give us invaluable information about the knowledge and expertise of builders from that time. By analyzing buildings made in previous centuries we find not only numerous aspects from which we can learn, but also many defects which we need to be aware...
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Prof. Vlatka Rajčić (Full Professor)Post Disaster Recovery and ReconstructionExtended abstract
In seismic European countries, most of the residential building stock is earthquake-prone and highly energy-intensive because it was built before the enforcement of the recent seismic and energy codes. Furthermore, this stock often shows a low architectural quality due to poor maintenance and/or construction and design deficiencies. For all these reasons, it needs deep renovation. The use of...
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Božo Padovan (Terra Compacta), Laszlo Podolszki (Croatian Geological Survey)Earthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and ManagementFull paper - scientific
The area of the City of Zagreb is relatively large (~ 640 km2) and urbanized (> 800,000 residents). The general geomorphological setting of the City is on the alluvial plane of the Sava River, on the southern slopes of Medvenica Mountain and on the northern slopes of Vukomeričke Gorice, i.e. hilly area. Within this area geohazard events occur, for example: numerous landslides during last...
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Seismic Performance of Structures
Bridges are one of the main and most vulnerable components on the transport infrastructure network, due to aggressive environment, degradation during the years of service, steel corrosion, etc. A considerable number of existing Albanian bridges have been designed and constructed before 1989 year, according to the former design code. Nowadays the design seismic code and their requirement are...
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Seismic Performance of Structures
The paper gives an overview of recent developments in the field of seismic assessment of unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings, drawing mainly from researches and coordinated projects recently carried out mostly in Italy. In particular, this work presents the latest findings on the available models and programs for the seismic assessment of masonry buildings, on the definition of rational...
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Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
Recent events in Croatia revealed the high vulnerability of traditional unreinforced masonry chimney systems even in the case of moderate earthquakes. Chimney systems are non-structural elements and thus there is a lack of knowledge and research in this field. This topic has been in the focus of our research group through a recently finished two-stage research project oriented towards the...
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Dr Ivan Kraus (Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Osijek)Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
Available evidence classifies traditional earth architecture as Croatia’s treasure as they embody authenticity and uniqueness. Thereunto, Baranja’s earth houses are presented as the best realizations of traditional Croatian rural architecture. Although present in Croatia, earth houses are often relinquished, damaged, or in an adverse state. The Act on Protection and Preservation of Cultural...
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Petra GidakSeismic Performance of StructuresExtended abstract
The paper deals with the structural integrity integrity of the diesel generator set (genset) foundation system aimed for the emergency power supply plant in a Nuclear
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Power Plant. The genset consists of the diesel engine, the generator, and the
common base frame on elastic spring-damper elements clamped to foundations. The genset is simultaneously
exposed to the seismic load, the short... -
Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - professional
Over the last 20 years, beside their primary educational activities, members of the Bridge Chair of the Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering Structural Department also worked professionally on main and execution designs of many bridges. Most of them are mid-span to large span bridges, requiring detailed seismic design, especially since their locations are predominantly in highly seismic active...
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Prof. Boris Jeremic (University of California)Geo-aspects of Earthquake Engineering
Presented is an energy dissipation analysis based design and assessment approach for earthquake soil structure interacting systems. Energy dissipation calculations are based on proper thermodynamics considerations and are developed and implemented for all components of the soil-structure system. An example is used to describe use of energy dissipation calculations for analyzing alternative...
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Prof. Radmila Salic (Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology (IZIIS), Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje)Engineering and General Seismology
This work presents a systematic and comprehensive review of all up-to-date official seismic hazard zonation maps and design codes for the Former Yugoslav (FY) counties. Discussed are different methodologies for calculating seismic design forces related to the different design codes and presented are the methodological and outcome differences. Official seismic zoning maps are recompiled in a...
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Seismic Performance of Structures
Seismic isolation and energy dissipation devices have been widely used in Italy since the seventies of the past century for the seismic protection of different structures, pioneered by applications on bridges and viaducts. At the end of the eighties, Italy was world leader for the number of bridges and viaducts protected with antiseismic devices. Since then, Italian antiseismic devices have...
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Seismic Performance of Structures
Following the destruction and panic caused by the earthquakes that rocked Croatia during the past year (all of which happening during a global pandemic), this work provides a brief description over the effectiveness of seismic isolation techniques in the region. To achieve that, we design, detail and analyse a six-story RC residential building, making use of the traditional capacity design...
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Seismic Performance of Structures
Seismic isolation and supplemental energy dissipation are well-known techniques used since the 1970s. In Italy, their application in the first three decades (1970s, 1980s and 1990s) was more often in bridges than in buildings. As far as existing buildings are concerned, in Italy their use as retrofitting techniques is continuously increasing since 2003, following a series of destructive...
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Prof. Yue Li (Case Western Reserve University)Seismic Performance of Structures
Rapid economic and population growth in high-seismic regions and increased vulnerability of aging infrastructure has raised seismic risk around the globe. Recently, functional recovery paradigm has been introduced as a holistic approach to include not only conventional safety criteria but also novel resilience measures in seismic performance assessment and design of buildings. This paper...
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Earthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and ManagementExtended abstract
The abstract In the past thirty years, significant efforts have been made toward establishment of uniform criteria for empirical performance evaluation based on earthquake damage classification and seismic evaluation of buildings. Developed empirical performance criteria have been used in many countries for estimation of physical, functional and economic losses, planning for reconstruction of...
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Mr João Alves (MSc Student, Department of Civil Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology)Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
The seismic performance of a structure is determined by a series of factors that are related with the earthquake source characteristics, site effects and structural capacity, among others. The state of the art of seismic vulnerability assessment methods, using probabilistic approach, are capable of incorporate the effect of some of these factors. Within the epistemic uncertainties, the soil...
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Seismic Performance of StructuresExtended abstract
Croatian bridges have been built in different times, always in step with or even ahead of the world's achievements.
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In seismically active areas it is of paramount importance to design bridges with ductile behavior. Many bridges built before the modern Eurocodes came into force were designed to standards which did not offer provisions for structural detailing allowing for their ductile... -
Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
Unreinforced masonry building (URM) are rather vulnerable to the influence of stronger earthquake motions. This was confirmed during recent earthquake which hit the capital of Croatia Zagreb on 22nd of March 2020, as well. The most damages were registered on older masonry structures. During great rebuild after the World War II large stock of multi-storey residential buildings, mostly 3 to 6...
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Seismic Performance of StructuresExtended abstract
Application of modern seismic design codes in everyday practice imposes a need for the seismic retrofit of existing structures, which represents a challenging task when it comes to old masonry buildings. Many of such buildings were built long before design codes, not just seismic ones, and in many cases their structural performances do not conform with the current design criteria. Seismic...
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Engineering and General SeismologyExtended abstract
The wider area around the city of Zagreb is one of the seismically most active regions in Croatia where many strong events have been reported in the past. Due to the large population and socio-economic importance of this region, advanced seismic hazard and risk assessment for this area is of high importance. While seismic hazard gives probability that an earthquake will occur and outlines...
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Matjaž Dolšek (Professor, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana)Earthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and ManagementFull paper - scientific
The physics-based assessment of seismic risk and its unbiased perception in the community is necessary to enhance community seismic resilience. As a step towards this objective, a seismic stress test of building stock in Slovenia was performed last year. The stress test outcome was negative, which was communicated to the Ministry by means of a preliminary seismic performance certificate of...
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Jure Starc (Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia)Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
The lack of interest in replacing or strengthening unsafe buildings is primarily due to limited personal experience with the damage caused by major earthquakes. However, while strong earthquakes are rare, the seismic risk can be significant due to their potentially catastrophic consequences. To help establish an unbiased perception of seismic risk in society, we conducted a seismic stress test...
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Post Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction
This paper proposes a list between the different variables that affect the vulnerability of a building after an earthquake. The significance of urban planning and other urban factors affecting the vulnerability of buildings have not received special attention either from the government or researchers. The lasts research of the vulnerability of buildings are Benedetti and Petrini (Inf Constr...
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Earthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and ManagementFull paper - scientific
A significant number of masonry buildings, built prior to existing seismic codes, nowadays are used and serve a function as public institutions, namely schools, administration offices, courts, museums, theatres, etc. The necessity for evaluation of the seismic risk of these existing buildings is of high priority. In the framework of the research project SeismoWall, sixteen representative...
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Seismic Performance of Structures
This paper presents a three-dimensional finite element (FE) modeling approach for predicting the response of rocking columns. The model is validated against experimental results, which involved testing three different cylindrical columns with different slenderness ratios under a set of 100 bidirectional ground motions. Each column was free-standing and allowed to slide and rock in all...
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Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
Most unreinforced masonry structures are vulnerable to seismic actions. Due to the poor shear and bending resistance of masonry walls, seismic actions can sometimes produce mechanisms that may lead to the collapse of the building. This paper presents the results of a shaking table test performed on a 1:2 scale unreinforced masonry building. The results consist of a map of cracks that appeared...
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Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
The paper presents the results regarding the behaviour of a structural model made of Glass Fibre Reinforced Mineral Matrix Composite tested to various seismic actions on the shaking table. The model dimensions are 3.40 m x 3.40 m x 3.00 m meaning width x length x height. The structure was made of multiple prefabricated panels pre-assembled directly on the shaking table. The final shape of the...
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Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - professional
With the development of the new technologies and the modern residential and industrial buildings typology the non-structural components and systems become major part of the total value in building construction. This damage may result in loss of functionality, economic loss due to damage and even life safety hazards. Since they are not amenable to traditional structural analysis, full-scale...
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Ionut Ovidiu Toma (The "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi)Seismic Performance of Structures
The continuous increase in population coupled with migration towards urban areas put pressure on the building stock and increased the demand for housing and office buildings. Some of the most densely populated regions are located in areas prone to natural disasters out of which earthquakes are of particular interest for designers and researchers in the field of civil engineering because of...
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Geo-aspects of Earthquake EngineeringFull paper - scientific
Since numerical modelling of soil properties in seismic design of buildings is usually a complex and demanding task, practicing engineers and researchers aim to keep numerical models as simple as possible. Therefore, the goal of this research is to verify soil-structure interaction (SSI) modelling parameters for buildings founded on compliant soils. For this purpose, the results of a...
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Geo-aspects of Earthquake Engineering
This paper proposes a remediation solution for the sinkholes appeared as a consequence of a devastating earthquake of 6.2 magnitude which hit Croatia in December 2020. At the time of writing this paper, more than 90 sinkholes in villages Mečenčani and Borojevići opened, all triggered by the main impact as well by the series of aftershocks, leaving both authorities and public, as well the...
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Geo-aspects of Earthquake Engineering
In the last ten years only, several thousand earthquakes above a magnitude of 6 have occurred worldwide (USGS). With urbanisation growing incessantly, the risk to people and the damage to infrastructure from seismic events is increasing. The importance of including the seismic load case for building construction and retrofitting has long been recognised and is implemented around the world....
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Lessons Learnt from Earthquakes
Today, social networks are an omnipresent method of human interaction and one of the most powerful tools to spread and gather information. Thus, when the ML5.5 earthquake struck Zagreb on 23 March 2020, Croatian Seismological Survey (CSS) at the Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb created a Facebook group “Zagrebački potres 2020 – vaše info za seizmologe”...
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Mr Željko Uhlir (državni tajnik)Post Disaster Recovery and ReconstructionExtended abstract
Potresi, poplave, požari, klizišta i ratna razaranja, sve se to dešavalo u Republici Hrvatskoj u relativno novijoj povijesti. Počevši od obnove nakon snažnog potresa u Dubrovniku i Stonu te velikoj poslijeratnoj obnovi, domaća i strana iskustva su se akumulirala kroz godine.
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Potres jačine 5,5 prema Richteru koji se desio 22. ožujka 2020. u Zagrebu i niz slabijih potresa koji su uslijedili... -
Innovative Technology
It is a usual practice that traditional methods with traditional materials (most frequently jacketing of elements) are used for repair and strengthening of structures. However, lately, particularly in the last two decades, there have occurred new construction materials intended for strengthening and design referred to as composites strengthened by polymer fibers (CFRP). These materials have...
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Lessons Learnt from EarthquakesExtended abstract
In the morning of 22 March 2020 at 5:24 (UTC) a damaging earthquake struck Zagreb, the capital of Croatia. This shallow local magnitude 5,5 earthquake was the strongest instrumentally recorded earthquake in the NW part of Croatia since 1908 when the first seismological station was installed in Zagreb. The strongest aftershock of local magnitude 4,9 happened at 6:01 (UTC) on the same day. Both...
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Seismic Performance of Structures
On November 26, 2019, a magnitude 6.4 (Mw) earthquake occurred in Durrës, Albania, causing considerable damages to many surrounding buildings. In this paper, a six floor RC structure, with a frame system, located in Durrës is taken in consideration. The structure suffered significant structural damages due to strong ground motion. The institutions responsible for the situation assessment...
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Seismic Performance of Structures
This paper contains the results from the dynamic analysis carried out for the design of a flexible structure of a complex form for which it was difficult to estimate, a priori, whether earthquakes or winds have a more unfavourable effect upon its dynamic behaviour. The matter at stake is analysis of a telecommunication tower with a total height of 155 meters that is being built on Vodno...
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Geo-aspects of Earthquake Engineering
On June 18, 2019, there was a magnitude 6.7 earthquake at a depth of about 15 km off the coast of Yamagata Prefecture. A seismic intensity [Japan Meteorological Agency Seismic Intensity Class; JMA] of 6+ [larger] was observed in Murakami City, Niigata Prefecture, and a seismic intensity of 6- [smaller] was observed in Tsuruoka City, Yamagata Prefecture. The authors conducted a damage survey...
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Benazir Ahmed (Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati)Seismic Performance of StructuresExtended abstract
Generation of Fragility Curves (FCs) forms the primary basis for seismic vulnerability assessment of structures within a probabilistic framework, which can effectively aid in seismic damage mitigation. This paper presents the system-level FCs generated for a class of reinforced concrete integral abutment bridges, in succession to the component-level FCs developed for the damageable components...
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Seismic Performance of Structures
Just like load-bearing structures, façades must also be able to safely transfer loads resulting from earthquakes. Although they are defined as non-structural elements in the current standards, façades represent a significant risk in the event of failure. Falling parts of façades can cause considerable injury to people, but even after an earthquake, fallen elements block access and escape...
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Prof. Christos Papakonstantinou (University of Thessaly)Innovative Technology
Externally bonded Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP’s) are frequently used in civil engineering applications in order to rehabilitate or strengthen existing structural elements. FRPs have been successfully used as flexural or shear reinforcement. However, they exhibit some significant drawbacks such as impermeability, loss of strength at elevated temperatures, and combustibility during a fire....
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Lessons Learnt from EarthquakesExtended abstract
The research that gave rise to the following text is part of the institutional research project at Zagreb’s Faculty of Architecture entitled “Rebuilding Zagreb after 2020 Earthquake” with the sub-topic: „Earthquake (non)resistance and housing estate in Zagreb“. One of the aims of this research is to analyse the resymbolization of Zagreb that took place after the earthquake. Images of sheer...
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Geo-aspects of Earthquake EngineeringFull paper - scientific
Proximity of the active faults in Croatia is being studied for evidence of past earthquakes by archaeoseismology. Excavations of the Roman city of Siscia (Sisak, Croatia) yielded large chunks of thick brick walls (considered to be the city wall), collapsed in the adjacent ditch in their entirety. The wall is made of brick masonry on both sides and a thick concrete infill between them. Much of...
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Lessons Learnt from Earthquakes
The earthquakes occurred in Durres in September and November 2019 has made so many damages in reinforced concrete structures that were build before and after 1990. Especially the greatest one of November 26 with Mw = 6.4 was destructive for so many structures . It was made the survey of the damages to make a classification based in two phases. The conclusion of the survey was that the damages...
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Lessons Learnt from EarthquakesFull paper - scientific
The Mw = 6.4 November 26, 2019 02:54 UTC earthquake struck near the city of Durrës, Thumanë. The earthquake struck on 26 November, resulting in 51 deaths and up to 750 people injured. Many buildings in Durrës and Thumanë were collapsed and many others were seriously damaged. The inspection of the damaged buildings and declared uninhabitable, revealed many problems related to their design....
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Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
On November 26th 2019 the Mw=6.4 earthquake struck the north-central Albania causing casualties and severe damage (IEMS = VIII) to the built environment, and in particular to the city of Durrës. This earthquake occurred not long after the Mw=5.6 earthquake on September 21st 2019. In January 2020 the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Technical Committee 133 Disaster Reconnaissance task group...
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Earthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and Management
Cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible, is a unique expression of human achievement in the past and provides invaluable insights into our evolution and identities. The meaning and the treatment of cultural heritage through the history has been constantly exposed to changes but in the last century it finally takes the rightful place.
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Historical buildings, monuments and archeological... -
Seismic Performance of Structures
In a large number of seismic-prone regions, the reinforced concrete frames of the buildings are filled with masonry and in this way, a composite constructive composition is created whose behaviour can be hardly predicted and modelled, which leads to flaws in the design regulations. Masonry infill is often presented as a non-constructive element and often is not included in the analyses, which...
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Post Disaster Recovery and ReconstructionFull paper - scientific
On March 21, the Croatian Government (following a suggestion of the Civil Protection Coordination Center) introduced a “stay at home” order for the whole country due to the pandemic, and the very next day a magnitude 5.5 quake shook the northern part of Croatia, mostly damaging the capital city of Zagreb and its nearest urban satellites, affecting almost 1 million people in total.
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Natural... -
Dr Glenda Abate (Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture)Geo-aspects of Earthquake EngineeringFull paper - scientific
Nowadays, underground structures play a crucial role in transportation and utility networks in urban areas. Their static design has achieved a high level of accuracy. Instead, tunnels' efficient seismic design is not yet completely gotten, even due to the complex soil-tunnel interaction phenomena that occur during an earthquake. So, the few code regulations and guidelines about the seismic...
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Earthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and Management
The paper explains in more detail the fifteen-year agreement of the Sendai Framework for Risk Reduction through seven global goals and four priority actions.
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Relevant are the experiences of earthquakes in Skopje, Dubrovnik and the Montenegrin coast, which resulted in stricter regulations for securing buildings from seismic destruction in the SFRY regulations. In the case of Skopje in 1963, a... -
Mr BEHRAMI Ragip (Albanian)Innovative TechnologyFull paper - scientific
Extensive experimental and analytical research have been performed, led by the third author during three and a half years, in the Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology (IZIIS), Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, in the frame of the innovative NATO Science for Peace Project “Seismic Upgrading of Bridges in South-East Europe by Innovative Technologies (SFP:...
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Mr Ragip BEHRAMI (Albanian)Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
In the Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology (IZIIS), Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, extensive experimental and analytical research have been performed led by the third author, in the frame of the innovative NATO Science for Peace Project “Seismic Upgrading of Bridges in South-East Europe by Innovative Technologies (SFP: 983828)”. The specific project...
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Mark Miščević (University of Zagreb Faculty of Architecture Institute for architecture - phD student)Urban Renovation Wave Triggered by Earthquake
2020 Zagreb earthquake and 2020 Petrinja earthquake raised the topic of urban renewal process and possible renewal models for damaged buildings. The paper presents the author's research from the first semester of the Postgraduate doctoral scientific study programme Architecture and Urban Planning at the Faculty of Architecture in Zagreb.
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The main goal of urban renewal is the process of... -
Mr Lukas Bodenmann (PhD candidate, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich)Post Disaster Recovery and ReconstructionFull paper - scientific
Earthquakes can lead to widespread damage to the built environment, affecting many residential buildings and expose their residents to potentially severe and long-lasting physical and financial stress. While emergency response actions are still ongoing in the aftermath of such an event, public officials already have to take first decisions that will shape the reconstruction process and affect...
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massimo MiglioriniEarthquake Risk Mitigation Policies and ManagementExtended abstract
During a catastrophic event, the ability of the personnel responsible for responding to such an event is due not only to a pre-existing knowledge or ability, but also to the degree of familiarity with the scenario that must be faced. Especially in the case of high-impact but potentially unlikely events, an appropriate response is based on the fact that staff are able to perform their assigned...
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Prof. Svetlana Brzev (University of British Columbia, Canada)Seismic Performance of StructuresFull paper - scientific
Wall Index (WI), also known as “wall density”, is a ratio of the total cross-sectional area for all structural walls aligned in one direction of the building’s floor plan and the gross floor plan area. Reconnaissance studies after past earthquakes in countries like Chile, Mexico, and China, confirmed that WI is one of the key parameters related to seismic performance of loadbearing masonry...
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Petra GidakEngineering and General Seismology
Following the damaging 2020 earthquake of 22 March 2020 (Mw 5.3), a question was raised if this was the largest event after the Great Zagreb earthquake of 1880 (Imax = VIII MSK). The counter-candidates are the events of 17 December 1905 and 2 January 1906. Relevant earthquake catalogues largely disagree when the magnitudes of the Zagreb earthquakes of 1905 and 1906 are concerned. The reported...
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